Verdrängung
In der Psychoanalyse versteht man unter dem Begriff der „Verdrängung“ einen spezifischen Abwehrmechanismus, mit dem die Psyche von der Zäsur als inakzeptabel bewertete Triebwünsche bzw. deren Vertretungen in Form von Gedanken und Bildern aus dem Bewusstsein ins Unbewusste verschiebt. Gemäss dem Instanzenmodell der Psychoanalyse handelt es sich dabei um einen Konflikt zwischen dem Es und den unbewussten Anteilen des Ich und des Über-Ich dar. Würden die inakzeptablen Wünsche nicht verdrängt, sondern bewusst werden, wäre dies mit Gefühlen von starker Unlust verbunden. Sie zu vermeiden ist der Zweck der Verdrängung.
Gelingt die Verdrängung solcher unerlaubter Triebwünsche vollständig, können die Inhalte durch nachträgliche Sublimierung zusätzlich gegen das Bewusstwerden gesichert werden.
Gelingt die Verdrängung und Vermeidung von Unlust und Ängsten jedoch nur unvollständig, kann sich daraus eine neurotische Störung entwickeln. Das Ich versucht in diesen Fällen unvollständiger Verdrängung die verbliebene Triebenergie dadurch unschädlich zu machen, dass es die auftretenden Affekte von den dazu gehörigen Vorstellungen abspaltet und stattdessen als harmlos bewerteten Objekten (z. B. „Koffer“ oder „Katze“)und Situationen („Restaurantbesuch“, „Vorstellungsrunde“) zuordnet. Neurotische Störungen sind entsprechend gekennzeichnet durch eine Entkopplung von Affekten und zugehörigen Vorstellungsinhalten, verbunden mit dysfunktionalem Verhalten. In der psychoanalytischen Therapie ist es zentrales Ziel, die richtige Zuordnung von Affekten und verdrängten Vorstellungen wieder herzustellen und damit die Neurose zu überwinden.
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