Psychoanalyse
Die „Psychoanalyse“ wurde von S. Freud begründet und ist dreierlei zugleich:
- eine medizinisch-entwicklungspychologisches Lehrgebäude
- eine diagnostische Methode zur Aufdeckung schwer zugänglicher, vor- und unbewusster seelischer Prozesse
- eine Behandlungsmethode für sogenannte neurotische Störungen, v. a. die klassischen „Übertragungsneurosen„
Kern der psychoanalytischen Lehre nach S. Freud sind die Annahmen, dass
- Umwelteinflusse vor allem in den ersten Lebensjahren prägende Auswirkung auf die Entwicklung der Psyche (des „psychischen Apparates“) haben
- der Antrieb des Menschen sich aus den Wirkungen des Sexualtriebes und des Destruktionstriebes (Todestrieb) erklärt
- alle psychischen Vorgänge sich nach dem sogenannten Lustprinzip ausrichten
- die zentralen Motive menschlichen Verhaltens verdrängt und unbewusst sind
- die Verdrängung eine aktive Leistung der Psyche darstellt und ein Ergebnis des Kräftespiels zwischen den drei Instanzen Es, Ich und Über-Ich ist
Als diagnostische Methode versucht die Psychoanalyse, aus Träumen, Fehlleistungen und wiederkehrenden Verhaltens- oder Gedankenmustern Rückschlüsse auf zugrunde liegende und mittels Verdrängung unbewusst gewordene psychische Prozesse und Konflikte zu ziehen. Sie bedient sich hierzu der „freien Assoziation“ (Analysand) sowie des Einbezugs relevanter „Gegenübertragungs-Gefühle“ (Analytiker).
Ihre therapeutische Wirkung entfaltet die Psychoanalyse , wenn es gelint, die unbewussten innerpsychischen Konflikte mitsamt den dazugehörigen Gefühlen gemäss dem Konzept „Erinnern, Wiederholen, Durcharbeiten“ bewusst zu machen und korrigierende emotionale Erfahrungen zu ermöglichen. Wesentliches therapeutisches Element ist die Deutung (und Korrektur) positiver oder negativer Übertragungen, d. h. unbewusster Phantasien, Konflikte und Ängste, die der Analysand im besonderen Klima der engen therapeutischen Beziehung fälschlich auf den Analytiker projiziert und mit dem Analytiker wiederholt erlebt , obwohl sie eigentlich anderen Personen und Situationen zugehören und also „Reminiszenzen“ sind.
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