Verschiedene Definitionen der Begriffe Persönlichkeitsstörung und Persönlichkeit
Eine allgemein akzeptierte „Meta-Theorie“, die der Komplexität der „Persönlichkeit“ einigermassen gerecht wird, gibt es derzeit nicht. Es gibt aber eine Reihe von mehr oder weniger mit den modernen Klassifikationssystemen ICD-10 und DSM-IV „kompatiblen“ Definitionen von Persönlichkeit verschiedener Autoren, von denen an dieser Stelle vier wiedergegeben werden sollen.
Die erste von Dittmann und Stieglitz ist deshalb interessant, weil sie eine begriffliche Abgrenzung zwischen „Persönlichkeit„, „Temperament“ und „Charakter“ unternimmt.
Die zweite von Fiedler interessiert deshalb besonders, weil sie darauf hinweist, daß persontypisches Verhalten immer zugleich auch abweichendes Verhalten ist, daß also Persönlichkeit immer auch schon den Kern von Persönlichkeitsstörung in sich trägt, wenn man Normabweichung zum Differenzierungskriterium wählt!
Die Dritte ist von Möller (2000) und betont die Kontextabhängigkeit der Bewertung von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und nimmt Bezug auf das amerikanische Einteilungsprinzip der einzelnen Störungen in drei Cluster nach DSM-IV
Die vierte Definition definiert „Persönlichkeit“ und ist von dem Psychologen Eysenck (1970).
Dittmann u. Stieglitz (1996)
„Im psychologisch-psychiatrischen Sprachgebrauch kann Persönlichkeit definiert werden als die Gesamtheit der (psychischen) Eigenschaften und Verhaltensweisen, die dem einzelnen Menschen eine eigene, charakteristische, unverwechselbare Individualität verleihen. Es handelt sich dabei um eine weitgehend stabile oder doch lange Zeit überdauernde Struktur individueller Eigenschaften in bezug auf Charakter, Temperament, Intelligenz und körperliche Grundbedingungen eines Menschen. Das Temperament beschreibt dabei die Art des Antriebs und der Aktivität, die sich in Form von Gefühlen, Willensbildung und Triebleben zeigen. Charakter bezieht sich auf die im Laufe des Lebens weitgehend konstanten Einstellungen, Handlungsweisen, die individuelle Besonderheit und vor allem die Werthaltungen eines Menschen.“
Fiedler (1997)
„Persönlichkeit und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften eines Menschen sind Ausdruck der für ihn charakteristischen Verhaltensweisen und Interaktionsmuster, mit denen er gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Anforderungen und Erwartungen zu entsprechen und seine zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen auf der Suche nach einer persönlichen Identität mit Sinn zu füllen versucht. Dabei sind jene spezifischen Eigenarten, die eine Person unverkennbar typisieren und die sie zugleich von anderen unterscheiden, wegen ihrer individuellen Besonderheiten immer zugleich von sozialen Regeln und Erwartungen mehr oder weniger abweichende Handlungsmuster.“
Bronisch (2000):
„Persönlichkeitsstörungen sind gekennzeichnet durch charakteristische, dauerhafte (zeitlich stabile) innere Erfahrungs- oder Verhaltensmuster des Betroffenen, die insgesamt deutlich von den kulturell erwarteten Normen abweichen (einige Verhaltensweisen werden heute nicht mehr als Persönlichkeitsstörungen diagnostiziert, da sich die sozialen Normen geändert haben, z.B: wird die Diagnose „sexuelle Haltlosigkeit“ nicht mehr gestellt). Durch das Verhalten kommt es zu Leidensdruck des Betroffenen und/oder nachteiligem Einfluß auf die soziale Umwelt. Die verschiedenen Persönlichkeitsstörungen werden allgemein in 3 Hauptgruppen zusammengefaßt:
- paranoide und schizoide Persönlichkeitsstörungen,
- dissoziale, emotional instabile, histrionische und narzißtische Persönlichkeitsstörungen,
- ängstliche, abhängige, anankastische und passiv-aggressive Persönlichkeitsstörungen.
Persönlichkeit ist „die mehr oder weniger stabile und dauerhafte Organisation des Charakters, Temperaments, Intellekts und Körperbaus eines Menschen, die seine einzigartige Anpassung an die Umwelt bestimmt. Der Charakter eines Menschen bezeichnet das mehr oder weniger stabile und dauerhafte System seines konativen Verhaltens (des Willens); sein Temperament das mehr oder weniger stabile und dauerhafte System seines affektiven Verhaltens (der Emotion oder des Gefühls); sein Intellekt das mehr oder weniger stabile und dauerhafte System seines kognitiven Verhaltens (der Intelligenz); sein Körperbau das mehr oder weniger stabile System seiner physischen Gestalt und neuroendokrinen (hormonalen) Ausstattung“ (Eysenck, 1970, S. 2)
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